Davy also used arcs for melting metals (1815) and investigated the influence of magnetic fields on arcs (1821).
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It was later extensively used in powerful searchlights, in movie projection lamps and as a spectroscopic radiation standard. Around 1808 Davy invented the carbon-arc lamp, using an arc between two carbon electrodes. It soon became apparent that arcs get very hot so that they can be used for materials processing and for plasma light sources. Petrov succeeded in raising large funds and assembled an enormous battery, consisting of 4200 copper and zinc plates (Anders 2003). Both Davy and Petrov used stacks of electrochemical cells, invented by Alessandro Volta just in 1799, to provide enough current to sustain an arc for a certain time. An electric arc can be initiated by separating two electrodes connected to a current source capable of operating at the arc voltage. Around 1800 Vasilii Petrov in St Petersburg and Humphry Davy in London started to investigate arc discharges in air.
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The major industrial processes based on atmospheric-pressure plasma technology are discussed. These applications include the utilization of thermal plasmas close to local thermal equilibrium (LTE) as well as non- equilibrium (non-LTE) plasmas with electron temperatures exceeding by orders of magnitude the temperatures of the heavy plasma components.
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A large number of important industrial plasma applications are carried out close to atmospheric pressure, in many cases in atmospheric air. plasmas are used at various operating pressures ranging from close to vacuum to several atmospheres.